Universal tubular solid oxide fuel cell testing device

ABSTRACT

A testing device for tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) includes a housing within which the tubular SOFC is mounted. The housing includes suitable inlets and outlets to allow a fuel gas, such as hydrogen, and an oxidant, such as air or oxygen, to interact with the anode and cathode of the tubular SOFC. In addition, the housing is formed of suitable material for placement in a heating device, such as a tubular furnace or a miniature tubular heater. A temperature sensor and computing device may monitor the temperature of the tubular SOFC in order to control the operation of the tubular heating device. In addition, the device provides electrical current collectors for coupling to the anode and cathode of the SOFC, which may be removable and reusable.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The embodiments disclosed herein relate to fuel cells. Particularly, theembodiments disclosed herein relate to testing devices for evaluatingfuel cells. More particularly, the embodiments disclosed herein relateto a universal testing device for evaluating tubular solid oxide fuelcells.

BACKGROUND

Fuel cells, due to their energy conversion efficiencies of around 60-90%have attracted interest in all areas of technological research,development and deployment, and have the potential to meet theever-increasing energy demands of the global market. Solid oxide fuelcells, hereinafter referred to as SOFC(s), can directly operate onhydrogen as well as syngas. A syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbonmonoxide that can be a product from catalytically reformed hydrocarbonfuels, such as natural gas or coal-gas. SOFCs are reliant on manytechnical disciplines, including chemical engineering principles, suchas electrochemical principles, solid-state chemistry, material science,in addition to advanced mechanical and thermal design principles.Because of the diverse technologies employed by SOFCs, it is challengingfor new developers desiring to enter the SOFC industry, especially thosedevelopers that have technical competencies in only a limited number ofareas that SOFCs encompass. In order to allow such developers tomeaningfully explore the operational behavior of SOFCs, and the mannerin which design choices impact their performance, there exists a greatneed for improved testing capabilities for SOFCs.

While efforts have been made in establishing robust testing capabilitiesfor SOFCs beyond basic materials research, such efforts have providedlimited value to new developers entering the SOFC technology space. Forexample, current SOFC testing protocols, including those that utilize“button cell test setups”, are not only very expensive, but theygenerally fail to provide real-life testing conditions for testing anoperable SOFC. Furthermore, these “button cell test setups” yieldresults that are typically not reproducible in large scale cells, andtherefore cannot be reliability used by developers in guiding furtherstudy or advances of SOFC technologies. Moreover, button cell testsetups and current tubular SOFC test setups used by researchers anddevelopers have to use glass seals or ceramic seals. Tested SOFCs afterthese glass/ceramic seals could not be retested or used in stacksbecause of the destructive glass/ceramic seals often alter the SOFCs.Finally, while the ad-hoc SOFC testing devices discussed above have beenutilized that are no commercial SOFC testing devices that are availableto SOFC developers.

Additionally, given the technological complexities of SOFCs, along withthe difficulties and expense associated with current SOFC testingprotocols, many researchers have elected to abandon the study ofmaterials as they pertain to SOFCs, and have limited their research tothe general evaluation of the properties of these materials, withoutregard to their application to SOFCs. This, and other factors in theSOFC industry, has led to fragmented development efforts across theindustry, which are exemplified in the development of multiple SOFCdesign platforms, whereby unit cells of the various SOFC platformsexhibit a diverse cross-sectional geometry. Such fragmented developmenthas also prevented a profitable and sustainable business model fromemerging for the successful commercialization of SOFC technology.Another concern plaguing the SOFC industry is its inability to align thedevelopment efforts of its member developers, as exhibited by theindustry's failure to transition from materials research for single SOFCcells to that for SOFC stack designs for use in down-stream development.As previously discussed, a substantial contributor to the difficultiessuffered by the SOFC industry is that new developers are required topurchase costly testing equipment, which is not only unreliable, but isunable to collect robust and repeatable testing data that can be used toadvance SOFC design efforts. Such barriers to entry make it unattractivefor developers to apply their particular technical capabilities to SOFCtechnologies, and to undertake the efforts needed to make the transitionfrom materials development in general, to the development of materialssuitable for SOFCs, as well as the design of single cell SOFCs and SOFCstacks.

Therefore, there is a need for a testing device for tubular SOFCs andmethods thereof that can be utilized for testing new materials,operating conditions and fuel reformation methods for use in advancingSOFC technology. There is also a need for a tubular SOFC testing devicethat can be utilized in the development of solutions for facilitatingstacking capabilities of individual tubular SOFC unit cells. Inaddition, there is a need for a tubular SOFC testing device thatprovides a low-cost, reliable testing solution for tubular SOFCs, whichsupports new methods of manufacturing tubular SOFCs. In addition, thereis a need for a tubular SOFC testing device that is affordable,reliable, and easy to use for new and existing tubular SOFC developers,as well as those developers entering the tubular SOFC industry that havelimited technical capabilities pertaining to tubular SOFC development,testing and deployment. Furthermore, these tubular SOFCs and components(e.g., anode only, anode with electrolyte, or cathode with electrolyte)can be by researchers and developers to establish performance comparisonbases of new materials in a quick timeframe (i.e., quick turnaround).

SUMMARY

In light of the foregoing, it is a first aspect of the present inventionto provide a device for testing a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC)that has an outer electrode and a central cavity that is defined by acentral electrode, the device comprising a tubular housing defining ahousing cavity therein that is in fluid communication with a firstopening and a second opening that are disposed at respective ends of thetubular housing, the housing including an inlet aperture and an outletaperture disposed through the housing, and in fluid communication withthe housing cavity; a first cap configured to be attached to one end ofthe housing, the first cap having an inlet port; a second cap configuredto be attached to another end of the housing, the second cap having anoutlet port; wherein the housing cavity is configured to receive thetubular SOFC so that the inlet port and the outlet port are in fluidcommunication with the central cavity of the tubular SOFC, and whereinthe inlet aperture and the outlet aperture are in fluid communicationwith a gap formed in the housing cavity that is between the outerelectrode of the tubular SOFC and the tubular housing.

It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a devicefor testing a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outerelectrode and a central cavity that is defined by a central electrode,the device comprising a first fixture having an inlet tube having afirst interface at one end; and a second fixture having an outlet tubehaving a second interface at one end, wherein at least one of thefixtures is moveable; wherein the first interface of the inlet tube isconfigured to be placed in fluid communication with the central cavityof the tubular SOFC, and the second interface of the outlet tube isconfigured to be placed in fluid communication with the central cavityof the tubular SOFC, such that the first and second interfaces arespaced apart and the outer electrode of the tubular SOFC is left exposedto an external environment.

Yet another aspect of the present invention is a device for testing atubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outer electrode and acentral cavity that is defined by a central electrode, the devicecomprising a tubular housing having a housing cavity to receive the SOFCtherein; a first cap and a second cap configured to be attached torespective ends of the housing, each the cap including: a first port; asecond port; wherein the first port of the first and second caps isconfigured to be placed in fluid communication with the central cavityof the SOFC, and the second port of the first and second caps isconfigured to be placed in fluid communication with a gap formed betweenthe outer electrode of the SOFC and the housing.

Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide a testingdevice for a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outerelectrode and a central cavity that is defined by a central electrode,the central cavity having one open end and one closed end, the devicecomprising a heating tube defining an opening, and including a heaterport that is disposed through a wall of the heating tube, with theopening and the heater port in fluid communication with an elongatedheating cavity defined by the heating tube, wherein the opening isconfigured to receive the SOFC into the heating cavity to heat the SOFC,and wherein a first passage is formed between the SOFC and the heatingtube, with the heater port being in fluid communication with the firstpassage; and a supply tube configured to be at least partially receivedwithin the central cavity of the SOFC to form a second passage betweenthe supply tube and the SOFC.

It is yet another aspect of the present invention to provide a method oftesting a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outerelectrode, and a central cavity that is defined by a central electrode,the central cavity having one open end and one closed end, the methodcomprising providing a heating tube having an elongated cavity therein;placing the SOFC in the cavity; and heating the SOFC.

Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide a currentcollector for a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outerelectrode and a central cavity that is defined by a central electrode,the current collector comprising an electrically conductive member; anda plurality of electrically conductive and flexible ribs electricallycoupled to, and extending from, the supply tube, the ribs configured tobe in electrical contact with the central electrode when the member isat least partially inserted into the central cavity.

Still another aspect of the present invention is to provide a currentcollector for a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outerelectrode and a central cavity that is defined by a central electrode,the current collector comprising an electrically conductive member; anelectrically conductive mesh electrically coupled to the member; whereinthe mesh is configured to be at least partially wrapped in electricalcontact with the outer electrode of the SOFC.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The various embodiments disclosed herein will become better understoodwith regard to the following description, accompanying drawings, andappended claims wherein:

FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)compatible for use with a universal tubular solid oxide fuel celltesting device in accordance with the concepts and disclosures presentedherein;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of one embodiment of the universal tubularsolid oxide fuel cell testing device in accordance with the concepts anddisclosures presented herein;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the universaltubular solid oxide fuel cell testing device in accordance with theconcepts and disclosures presented herein;

FIG. 4 is an exploded perspective view of another embodiment of theuniversal solid oxide fuel cell testing device in accordance with theconcepts and disclosures presented herein;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a cap for use with the embodiment of thetesting device shown in FIG. 4 in accordance with the concepts anddisclosures presented herein;

FIG. 6 is another perspective view of the cap shown in FIG. 5 inaccordance with the concepts and disclosures presented herein;

FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the universal solid oxide fuel celltesting device of FIG. 4 in accordance with the concepts and disclosurespresented herein;

FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the universalsolid oxide fuel cell testing device in accordance with the concepts anddisclosures presented herein;

FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of still another embodiment of theuniversal solid oxide fuel cell testing device in accordance with theconcepts and disclosures presented herein;

FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of yet another embodiment of theuniversal solid oxide fuel cell testing device in accordance with theconcepts and disclosures presented herein;

FIG. 11 is a perspective view of a current collector device inaccordance with the concepts and disclosures presented herein; and

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an alternative current collector devicein accordance with the concepts and disclosures presented herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Various embodiments of a universal testing device for a tubular solidoxide fuel cell (SOFC) are presented herein. The testing device isconfigured for use with tubular SOFCs, also referred to herein asSOFC(s), which are electrochemical devices having various tubularcross-sectional arrangements of an anode, cathode and an electrolyte.One example of an SOFC for use with the various embodiments of thetesting device disclosed herein is referred to by numeral 1, as shown inFIG. 1. The SOFC 1 has a cross-sectional profile in which a centralelectrode, such as anode 2, an outer electrode, such as cathode 3, andan electrolyte 4 are arranged in concentric layers forming a tubularstructure. Additionally, the anode 2 forms a tubular central cavity 5having a cylindrical cross-section that extends between the ends 6 and 7of the SOFC 1; the cathode 3 forms an outer surface of the SOFC 1; andthe electrolyte 4 is positioned between, and in operative communicationwith, the anode 2 and cathode 3. Furthermore, an electrically conductiveinterconnect or current collector 8 is in electrical communication orcoupled with the anode 2, while another electrical interconnect orcurrent collector 9 is in electrical communication or coupled to thecathode 3. However, it should be appreciated that the SOFC 1 may alsotake on other design configurations, such as where the anode 2 forms theouter surface of the SOFC 1 and the cathode 3 forms the central cavity 5of the SOFC 1. Moreover, the SOFC 1, including the central cavity 5, mayhave any suitable cross-sectional shape, such as a cylindrical shape, aswell as a rectilinear shape, a curvilinear shape, or any combinationthereof. Thus, while the SOFC 1 of FIG. 1 is presented for exemplarypurposes with regard to the embodiments of the testing device discussedherein, the various embodiments of the testing device presented hereinmay be configured for use with any suitable tubular SOFC.

One embodiment of the universal solid oxide fuel cell testing device 10is shown in FIG. 2 of the drawings. The testing device 10 includes ahousing 20, which may be formed of one or more sections. The housing 20has a tubular wall 30 that defines therein a housing cavity 40. Thehousing 20 is terminated at ends 50 and 60 that open into the cavity 40.It should be appreciated that the tubular wall 30 may take on anydesired cross-sectional shape, such as a cylindrical shape for example,as well as a rectilinear shape, curvilinear shape, or combinationthereof. It should be appreciated that the housing cavity 40 isconfigured to receive therewithin the SOFC 1 and is accordinglydimensioned to any size or shape so that it is compatible with thedimensions of the SOFC that is to be inserted therein. The housing 20may be formed of ceramic or glass material, such as alumina, zirconia,or quartz for example, as well as Inconel or Crofer 22 APU, or any othersuitable material, such as materials capable of withstanding operatingtemperatures of SOFCs, and composites thereof. Disposed through the wall30 of the housing 20 is an inlet aperture 70 and an outlet aperture 80,which open into the housing cavity 40. The inlet aperture 70 and outletaperture 80 may comprise any suitable dimension or shape and may bepositioned anywhere relative to the wall 30 of the housing 20. In someembodiments, the inlet aperture 70 may be positioned proximate to one ofthe ends 50, 60 of the housing 20 while the outlet aperture 80 ispositioned proximate to the other end 60 of the housing 20.

In some embodiments, the housing 20 may include one or more sensorapertures or ports (not shown) that are configured to receive one ormore sensing devices 92 for monitoring various operating parameters orcharacteristics of the housing cavity 40 and/or of the SOFC 1 that ispositioned within the housing 20. In some embodiments, the sensor 92 maycommunicate through a wired or wireless communication interface with acomputing device 94, such as a remote computing device, including cloudcomputing devices, or a local computing device for example. In someembodiments, the sensor 92 may include a thermocouple, or othertemperature sensing device for example, which may be positioned in thesensor aperture. Alternatively, wire leads may be disposed through thesensor port or aperture so that the sensor 92 may be positioned withinthe housing cavity 40 to monitor the temperature of the environmentsurrounding the SOFC 1. Alternatively, the sensor 92 may be positionedin a gap between the furnace 175 and the housing 20.

It should be appreciated that a seal compatible with the operatingtemperature of the SOFC, such as a grommet, mastic, epoxy or the like,may be used to seal any sensor or wire positioned in, or passing throughthe sensor aperture, or to completely seal the sensor aperture if it isnot being used. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the sensor apertureand the sensor 92 may not be used.

Attached to the ends 50 and 60 of the housing 20 are respective caps 100and 110. The caps 100,110 are configured so that at least one cap isremovable from the housing 20. That is, in some embodiments, one of thecaps 100,110 is configured to be removable, while the other cap 100,110is permanently affixed to, or made integral with, the housing 20.However, in other embodiments both caps 100,110 may be removable fromthe housing 20. Furthermore, the caps 100,110 may be configured to beremovably attached to the housing 20 using any suitable means ofattachment, such as slip-fit, friction-fit, threaded-fit, and the like.The caps 100,110 include respective inlet and outlet ports 120,130,which in some embodiments are in substantial axial alignment with thehosing 20, and which are in operative communication with the housingcavity 40 when the caps 100,110 are attached to the housing 20.

The ends of the inlet port 120 and the outlet port 130 that arepositioned proximate to, or within, the housing cavity 40 when the caps100,110 are attached to the housing 20, define respective interfaces 140and 150. The interfaces 140 and 150 of the inlet port 120 and the outletport 130 are dimensioned and shaped to be compatible for placement inoperative communication with the cross-sectional shape of the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 1 that is being tested by the device 10, such asSOFC 1. That is, the interface 140 of the inlet port 120 and theinterface 150 of the outlet port 130 are configured to be placed influid communication with a portion of the central cavity 5 that isproximate to ends 5 and 7 of the SOFC 1 to allow a gas material to flowinto the inlet port 120, through the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1, andout of the outlet port 130. The terms “fluid communication”, “fluidlycommunicate”, “operative communication”, or “operatively communicate”,as used herein, are defined as the ability of two structures to transfergaseous material between each other. For example, where the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 1 has a cylindrical cross-section, the interfaces140 and 150 comprise complementary cylindrical openings that are capableof being placed in operative communication with the central cavity 5.Thus, in some embodiments, the inlet port and outlet ports 120,130 maybe configured so that the interfaces 140,150 are flush with an innersurface 160 of the end caps 100,110. Alternatively, the interfaces140,150 may be offset from the inner surface 160 of the end caps 100,110by an interface tube 164, as shown in FIG. 2. Specifically, theinterface tubes 164 include the portion of the inlet and outlet ports120,130 that extend from the inner surface 160 of each of the caps100,110 and into the housing cavity 40. In other words, the interfaces140,150 may be configured to be positioned or received within thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 in the case of the interface tubes 164 ormay be configured to be positioned flush with and/or adjacent to thecentral cavity 5, in the case where the interfaces 140,150 arepositioned flush with the inner surface 160 of the caps 100,110. Forexample, as shown in the embodiment of FIG. 2, the interface tube 164 ofthe inlet port 120 and the interface tube 164 of the outlet port 130 hasa cylindrical cross-sectional shape that is configured for receiptwithin the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1. It should be appreciated thatin some embodiments, the caps 100,110 may not be attached to the housing20 and serve only to enable the inlet and outlet ports 120,130 to beplaced in fluid communication with the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1.

It should be appreciated that the testing device 10 may also includesupport structures, such as support tubes for example that are capableof receiving therein the ends 6 and 7 of the outer diameter of SOFC 1,or portion thereof, while allowing the interfaces 140,150 to be placedand maintained in fluid communication with the central cavity 5 of theSOFC 1. Accordingly, the support tubes serve to support the SOFC 1within the housing cavity 40, so that the outer surface or cathode 3 ofthe SOFC 1 is spaced away from an inner surface 170 of the housing 20 bya gap 172. Similarly, the interface tubes 164 of the inlet port andoutlet port 120,140 may also serve to support the SOFC 1 within thehousing cavity 40, and in some embodiments support the SOFC 1 so thatits outer surface or cathode 3 of the SOFC 1, is spaced away from theinner surface of the housing wall 30 by the gap 172.

It should also be appreciated that in some embodiments, a sealcompatible with the operating temperatures of the SOFC 1, such as agasket or O-ring, may be used to form a seal between the central cavity5 of the SOFC 1 and the interfaces 140,150 of the inlet and outlet120,130. Alternatively, the seal may be formed by a compression fitbetween the interfaces 140,150 and the inlet and outlet 120,130. Forexample, the seal may be positioned between the interfaces 140,150 andthe central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1, or between the ends 6,7 of the SOFC1 and the inner surface 160 of the caps 100,110 while allowing theinterfaces 140,150 to fluidly communicate with the central cavity 5 ofthe SOFC 1. Accordingly, the housing 20 and the caps 100,110 serve todefine two separate, sealed passages for two different gas materials toflow. Thus, one passage is defined by the inlet tube 120, the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 1, and the outlet tube 130; and a second passage isdefined by the inlet aperture 70, the gap 172 formed in the housingcavity 40, and the outlet aperture 80.

During operation of the testing device 10, the SOFC 1 is placed into thehousing cavity 40, and the interfaces 140 and 150 of the inlet port 120and the outlet port 130 are placed into fluid communication with thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 1. Accordingly, fuel gas, such as hydrogengas, is permitted to flow through the inlet port 120, and into thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 for interaction with anode 2, whereuponany remaining gas and/or reaction by-products are exhausted out of theSOFC 1 through the outlet port 130. Thus, as the fuel gas is beingsupplied to the SOFC 1, oxidant gas, such as oxygen or air, is deliveredvia the inlet aperture 70 into the gap 172 within the housing cavity 40,whereupon the oxidant gas interacts with the cathode 3. As previouslydiscussed, the housing cavity 40 is configured so that the gap 172 isformed between the outer surface, or cathode 3, of the SOFC 1 and theinner surface 170 of the wall 30 forming the housing cavity 40. Thisenables oxidant gas, such as air, which delivered into the inletaperture 70 to flow into the gap 172 to surround or partially surroundthe SOFC 1 and interact with the cathode 3 of the SOFC 1. Next, anyremaining oxidant gas and/or reaction-by-products are permitted to exitthe housing cavity 40 through the outlet aperture 80.

In addition, during the operating steps discussed above, the testingdevice 10 and SOFC 1 therewithin may be heated to a suitable SOFCoperating temperature by a heating device 175, such as a tubular testingfurnace. In some embodiments, the heating device 175 and the computingdevice 94 may be placed in operative communication with each other, suchas by a wired or wireless communication interface, so that the heatingdevice 175 can be controlled to adjust the heat level that is outputtherefrom based on the temperature that is detected by sensor 92.

It should be appreciated that while the discussion of the variousembodiments of the testing device 10 are presented for use with the SOFC1 in which the inlet/outlet ports 120,130 carry fuel gas, such ashydrogen gas, and where the inlet/outlet apertures 70,80 carry oxidantgas, such as oxygen, the testing device 10 may carry any desiredmaterial through the inlet/outlet ports 120,130 and the inlet/outletapertures 70,80. For example, in the case where alternative SOFC designsare utilized, the inlet/outlet ports 120,130 may alternatively carryoxidant gas, such as oxygen, and the inlet/outlet apertures 70,80 mayalternatively carry fuel gas, such as hydrogen.

It should further be appreciated that in some embodiments, when thetesting device 10 is used with oxidant gas, such as air, the testingdevice 10 may be configured without the housing 20, such that only thecaps 100, 110 are utilized so that the interfaces 140 and 150 are placedin fluid communication with the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1.

Another embodiment of the tubular SOFC testing device referred to bynumeral 210 is shown in FIG. 3. The testing device 210 includes an inletfixture 212 and an outlet fixture 220 that are moveable along a track230. The inlet and outlet fixtures 212,220 comprise any suitablestructure that is capable of carrying respective inlet and outlet tubes240 and 250.

The track 230 may comprise any suitable structure that defines a paththat the inlet and outlet fixtures 212,220 are guided by, or required tofollow, as they are moved, such as by sliding or rolling for example. Itshould be appreciated that in some embodiments, the track 230 maycomprise one or more elongated screws that moveably join the fixtures212,220. In addition, the elongated screws are configured to bethreadably received in one or more of the fixtures 212,220, so as tosecure the fixtures 212,220 together with a desired amount of force. Assuch, when the ends 6 and 7 of the SOFC 1 are positioned in operativecommunication with the interfaces 280,290, the fixtures 212,220 may betightened by the screws forming the track 230 so that adequatecompression is achieved between the fixtures 212,220 and the SOFC 1,thereby allowing the SOFC 1 to form a suitable seal with the interfaces280,290.

In other embodiments, the track 230 may comprise one or more grooves orprojections that interface corresponding, respective projections orgrooves that are provided by the fixtures 212,220. The track 230 mayalso be part of a support surface or may be provided as an independentstructure that is attached only to the fixtures 212,220. In someembodiments, the track 230 may be configured so that both of thefixtures 212,220 may be moved or may be configured so that only one ofthe fixtures 212,220 is able to be moved. In other embodiments, as shownin FIG. 3, the track 230 may comprise one or more elongated sections,such as rails, tubes, or rods that join the fixtures 212,220 so thatthey can move, for example, relative to the track 230. It should also beappreciated that a locking mechanism may be included with one or more ofthe fixtures 212,220 to allow one or more of the fixtures 212,220 to beselectively locked or fixed in position relative to the track 230. Forexample, the locking mechanism may comprise a removable locking pin,screw, or the like that is received by one or more of the fixtures212,220 and by the track 230. It should be appreciated that in otherembodiments, the fixtures 212, 220 may be utilized without the track230, such that the fixtures 212,220 are capable of being removablyaffixed to various, multiple areas of a support surface, such as a tableor a rigid base, or in some embodiments to each other. For example, thevarious areas on the support surface may include a protrusion, recess orother keyed feature that is compatible for being operatively interfacedwith a complementary recess protrusion or keyed feature that is providedby the fixtures 212,220, so as to retain the fixtures 212,220 in placerelative to the support structure or track 230. Accordingly, thefixtures 212,220 may be moved apart as needed by affixing the fixtures212,220 to appropriate areas of the support structure or track 230.

The inlet and outlet tubes 240 and 250 are hollow and include respectivemounting cavities 254,256 therewithin. The tubes 240,250 are alsopositioned relative to their respective fixtures 212,220 so that theyare substantially axially aligned with one another. In some embodiments,the tubes 240,250 have a cylindrical cross-section, but may beconfigured to have any suitable cross-sectional shape, such as arectilinear shape, a curvilinear shape, or any combination thereof toaccommodate the shape and dimension of the SOFC 1 that is being tested.The inlet tube 240 and the outlet tube 250 each include inner and outeropen ends 260 and 262 that open into the cavities 254,256. The innerends 260 of the inlet and outlet tubes 240,250 are positioned to be inopposition to each other, and include respective interfaces 280 and 290,which define the shape and dimension of the opening of the inner ends260. It should be appreciated that the tubes 240,250, as well as in somecases other portions of the fixtures 212,220 may be formed of ceramic orglass material, such as alumina, zirconia, or quartz, as well as anyother suitable material capable of withstanding operating temperaturesof SOFCs, such as Inconel or Crofer 22 APU and composites thereof.

The interfaces 280,290 of the inlet tube 240 and the outlet tube 250 aredimensioned and shaped to be compatible for placement in fluidcommunication with the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 that is beingtested by the device 210. In other words, the interface 280 of the inlettube 240 and the interface 290 of the outlet tube 250 are shaped,dimensioned, or otherwise configured to be in fluid communication withthe respective portions of the central cavity 5 that are proximate toends 6 and 7 of the SOFC 1. For example, where the central cavity 5 ofthe SOFC 1 has a cylindrical cross-section, the interfaces 280 and 290comprise complementary cylindrical openings that are configured forbeing placed in operative communication of with the central cavity 5SOFC. In some embodiments, the interfaces 280,290 may be positionedflush with a surface, such as an inner surface 310 of the fixtures212,220. Alternatively, the interfaces 280,290 may be offset from theinner surface 310 of the fixtures 212,220 by a portion of the inlet andoutlet tubes 240,250 that extend from the inner surface 310 of theinterfaces 212,220, which is referred to as an interface tube 292. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 3, the interface tube 292 has a cylindricalcross-sectional shape configured for communication within the centralcavity 5 proximate to each end 6,7 of the SOFC 1. It should beappreciated that in some embodiments, the interfaces 280,290 areconfigured so that they are capable of being placed within the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 1 or may be configured to receive the outerdiameter of the SOFC 1 while still being in fluid communication with thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 1. In addition, the SOFC 1 and theinterfaces 280,290 may be configured to allow a suitable seal to beformed between the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 and the inlet tube andoutlet tube 240,250. For example, a suitable seal, such as a gasket orO-ring, may also be incorporated between the SOFC 1 and the inlet andoutlet tubes 240,250. Alternatively, the locking mechanism discussedabove may also be configured to lock the fixtures 212 and 220 inposition so that the interfaces 280 and 290 provided thereby applysuitable compression to the ends 6,7 of the SOFC 1, such that acompression seal is formed with the central cavity 5 and the inlet andoutlet tubes 240,250.

In some embodiments, a pair of support tubes (not shown) which extendfrom a surface such as the inner surface 310, of the respective fixtures212 and 220, which are able to receive therein the outer diameter of theends 6,7 of SOFC 1 may be provided by the testing device 210. Thus, inthe case where the interfaces 280,290 are flush with the inner surface310 of the fixtures 212,220, the support tubes may serve to maintain theaxial of the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 in adjacent, axial alignmentwith the interface 280,290 of the inlet and outlet tubes 240,250.

In addition, the testing device 210 may include the sensor port 90,sensor 92, computing device 94 and furnace 175, which operate aspreviously discussed.

During operation of the testing device 210, the fixtures 212,220 aremoved apart, such as by moving them relative to the track 230. Next, theportion of the central cavity 5 proximate to end 6 of the SOFC 1 isplaced in operative communication with the interface 280 of the inlettube 240, and the portion of the central cavity 5 proximate to the end 7of the tubular SOFC 1 is placed in operative communication with theinterface 290 of the outlet tube 250. During this process, one or moreof the fixtures 212,220 may be moved as necessary to facilitate theplacement of the SOFC 1 into the testing device 210. After the SOFC 1 isinserted into the testing device 210, one or more of the fixtures212,220 may be moved as needed to adjust the amount of distance thatexists between the fixtures 212,220, and the interfaces 280,290,including ends 260 of the tubes 240,250, so as to adjust the amount ofcompression or pressure applied to the seal, which may include gasketsor O-rings. In some cases, such adjustment process may be utilized tocontrol the amount of air, or other oxidant, such as oxygen, which ispermitted to come into contact with the cathode 3 of the SOFC 1. Thus,once the fixtures 212,220 and the SOFC 1 are placed into the desiredposition, fuel gas, such as hydrogen, is supplied into the inlet tube240, which passes into the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 where itinteracts with the anode 2. Any remaining fuel gas and/or by-products ofthe interaction of the fuel gas and the anode 2 are then permitted toexit the SOFC 1 through the outlet tube 250. In addition, oxidant gas,such as air or oxygen, is permitted to interact with the cathode 3 thatis left exposed by the spaced apart fixtures 212,220.

In addition, the testing device 210 may be heated by the heating device175 so that the SOFC 1 that is inserted into the testing device 210 isheated to a suitable temperature for operation. In addition, suchoperation may be carried out by the operation of the sensor 92 andcomputing device 94, as previously discussed.

It should be appreciated that while the discussion of the variousembodiments of the testing device 210 are presented for use with theSOFC 1 in which the inlet/outlet tubes 240,250 carry fuel gas, such ashydrogen gas, the testing device 210 may carry any desired materialthrough the inlet/outlet tubes 240,250. For example, in the case wherealternative SOFC designs are utilized, the inlet/outlet tubes 240,250may alternatively carry oxidant gas, such as air or oxygen.

Another embodiment of the tubular SOFC testing device referred to bynumeral 310 is shown in FIGS. 4-7. The testing device 310 includes ahousing 320 that includes a tubular wall 330 that defines a housingcavity 340 therein. The tubular wall 330 may have a cylindricalcross-sectional shape but may be configured to have any suitablecross-sectional shape, such as a rectilinear shape, a curvilinear shape,or combinations thereof to receive the dimension and shape of the SOFC 1that is being tested by the device 310.

In some embodiments, one or more spacers (not shown) may be includedwithin the housing cavity 340, such as between the outer surface, orcathode 3, of the SOFC 1 and an inner surface 342 of the housing 320, soas to form a gap 341. As such, the gap 341 functions so that the cathode3 of the SOFC 1, is not entirely blocked or occluded by the innersurface 342 of the housing 320. Accordingly, the gap 341 between theouter surface of the SOFC 1 and the inner surface 342 of the housing 320operates to enhance the flow of gas material around the SOFC 1 in amanner to be discussed. It should also be appreciated that the housing320 may be formed of any suitable material, such as ceramic or glass,including but not limited to alumina, zirconia, or quartz, as well asInconel or Crofer 22 APU, and composites thereof.

The housing 320 is terminated by ends 350 and 360 that open into thehousing cavity 340 and are configured to be attached to respective inletand outlet caps 370,380. The caps 370 and 380 are configured to beremovably attached to the housing 320 using any suitable means offixation, such as friction-fit, slip-fit, threaded-fit, and the like.However, it should be appreciated that in some embodiments at least oneof the caps 370,380 is removable from the housing 320, while theremaining cap is permanently affixed to the housing 320. It should beappreciated that any cap 370,380 may be permanently attached to thehousing 320 using any suitable means, such as adhesive, welding or thelike. Furthermore, in some embodiments the permanently attached cap370,380 may be made integral with the housing 320. Furthermore, the caps370,380 may be formed of any suitable material, such as Al₂O₃.

Each of the caps 370,380 includes various ports, including a fuel port400, an oxidant port 410, a primary accessory port 420, a secondaryaccessory port 422, and an electrical lead port 424. The ports 400, 410,420, 422, and 424 are arranged in some embodiments so that the fuel port400 is substantially surrounded by the other ports 410, 420, 422 and424. Thus, when the caps 370,380 are attached to the housing 320, thefuel ports 400 of each cap 370,380 are configured to be substantiallyaxially aligned with each other, along with the housing cavity 342 andthe central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 that is inserted into the housing 320for testing. As such, the fuel ports 400 of the caps 370,380 permit theflow of a fuel gas, such as hydrogen, through the inlet cap 370, andinto the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1, and out of the outlet cap 380.The oxidant port 410, which is some embodiments, is positioned on theperiphery of the caps 370,380, permits the flow of an oxidant gas, suchas air or oxygen, into the housing cavity 340 of the housing 320.However, the fuel port 400 and the oxidant port 410 may be configured tocarry any gas, such that port 400 carries an oxidant gas, such as air oroxygen, and the port 410 carries a fuel gas, such as hydrogen. Theprimary and secondary accessory ports 420,422 are provided to allow anaccessory, such as sensor 92, to be positioned in the ports 420,422themselves, or to allow a connector, such as wire to pass through theports 420,422 that is connected to one or more sensors 92 that ispositioned within the housing cavity 340. For example, the sensors 92may comprise a temperature sensor to monitor the temperature of thehousing cavity 340, which may be coupled through a wired or wirelesscommunication interface to a suitable computing device, such as a remotecomputing device such as a cloud computer device, or a local computingdevice. It should be appreciated that while the caps 370,380 include thefuel ports 400, and the oxidant ports 410, only one of the caps 370,380is required to have the accessory ports 420,422. It should also beappreciated that is some embodiments that one or more of the caps370,380 may be configured to have any number of fuel ports 400, oxidantports 410, and accessory ports 420,422. In addition, the electrical leadport 424 is configured to receive any suitable electrical connector,such as a wire, which is attached to the interconnect 8 of the anode 2,and/or to an electrical interconnect of the cathode 3 of the SOFC 1.However, it should be appreciated that in some embodiments, theelectrical interconnect coupled to the anode 2 passes through the fuelport 400 of one or more of the caps 370,380, while the electricalinterconnect coupled to the cathode 3 passes through the electrical leadport 424 of one or more of the caps 370,380.

The portion of the fuel ports 400 of the inlet cap 370 and the outletcap 380 that are positioned proximate to, or within the housing cavity340, define respective interfaces 440 and 450. The interfaces 440 and450 of the inlet cap 370 and the outlet cap 380 are dimensioned andshaped to be compatible for placement in fluid communication with thecross-sectional shape of the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1 that isbeing tested by the device 310, such as SOFC 1. That is, the interface440 of the inlet cap 370 and the interface 450 of the outlet cap 380 areconfigured to be placed in fluid communication with a portion of thecentral cavity 5 that is proximate to ends 5 and 7 of the SOFC 1 toallow a gas material to flow into the fuel port 400 of the inlet cap370, through the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1, and out of the fuelport 400 of the outlet cap 380. For example, where the central cavity 5of the SOFC 1 has a cylindrical cross-section, the interfaces 440 and450 comprise complementary cylindrical openings that are able to beplaced in operative communication with the central cavity 5. Thus, insome embodiments, the inlet port and outlet ports 120,130 may beconfigured so that the interfaces 440,450 are flush with an innersurface 460 of the caps 370,380 that is proximate to the cavity 342.Alternatively, the interfaces 440,450 may be offset from the innersurface 460 of the end caps 100,110 by an interface tube (not shown),such as interface tube 164 discussed with regard to testing device 10.Specifically, the interface tubes are in operative communication withthe fuel ports 400 and extend from the inner surface 460 of each of thecaps 370,380 and into the housing cavity 40. In other words, theinterfaces 440,450 may be configured to be positioned within the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 1 in the case of the interface tubes or may beconfigured to be positioned flush or adjacent with the central cavity 5.

It should be appreciated that the testing device 10 may also includesupport structures, which in some embodiments may comprise supporttubes, that extend from the inner surface 460 of the caps 370,380, whichare capable of receiving therein the ends 6 and 7 of the outer diameterof SOFC 1, or portion thereof, while allowing the interfaces 440,450 tobe placed in operative communication with the central cavity 5 of theSOFC 1. Accordingly, the support tubes serve to support the SOFC 1within the housing cavity 40, so that the outer surface or cathode 3 ofthe SOFC 1 is spaced away from the inner surface 342 of the housing 320by the gap 341. Similarly, the interfaces 440,450 of the inlet port andoutlet port 120,140 may also serve to support the SOFC 1 within thehousing cavity 340 so that its outer surface or cathode 3 of the SOFC 1is spaced away from the inner surface 342 of the housing 320 by a gap.

It should also be appreciated that a suitable seal, such as a gasket orO-ring, may be used to form a seal between the central cavity 5 of theSOFC 1 and the interfaces 440,450 of the fuel ports 400 of the inlet andoutlet caps 370,380. For example, the seal may be positioned between theinterfaces 440,450 and the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1, or betweenthe ends 6,7 of the SOFC 1 and the inner surface 460 of the caps 370,380while allowing the interfaces 440,450 to operatively communicate withthe central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1.

In addition, with regard to FIG. 5, each of the caps 370,380 areconfigured so that the fuel port 400 is spaced away from the peripheraledges of the oxidant port 410, primary accessory port 420, secondaryaccessory port 422 and electrical lead port 424 by a distance ‘D’. Thisdistance D is dimensioned so that cathode 3 of the SOFC 1 does not blockthe oxidant port 410, the primary accessory port 420, the secondaryaccessory port 422 and the electrical lead port 424 when the SOFC 1 isinserted into the housing 320 and the caps 370,380 are attached. Assuch, the outer diameter of the SOFC 1, defined by the cathode 3, ispositioned so that it is within distance D of the caps 370,380. Thus, byvirtue of this distance or spacing of the ports 400-424, the fuel port400 of the caps 370,380 operatively communicates with only the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 1, and the oxidant port 410, primary accessory port420, secondary accessory port 422 and electrical lead port 424operatively communicate with only the housing cavity 340, including thegap 341 that is formed between the inner surface 342 of the housing 320and the outer surface of the SOFC 1, which may include the cathode 3.Accordingly, the housing 320 and the caps 370,380 serve to define twoseparate, sealed passages for two different gas materials to flow. Thus,one passage is defined by the fuel port 400 of the inlet cap 370, thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 1, and the fuel port 400 of the outlet cap380; and a second passage is defined by the oxidant port 410, primaryaccessory port 420, secondary accessory port 422 and electrical leadport 424 of the inlet cap 370, the gap 341 of the housing cavity 340,and the oxidant port 410, primary accessory port 420, secondaryaccessory port 422 and electrical lead port 424 of the outlet cap 380.

In addition, the testing device 310 may include one or more sensors 92,the computing device 94 and the furnace 175, which operate as previouslydiscussed.

Thus, during operation of the testing device 310, the SOFC 1 is placedwithin the housing cavity 340. Next, the caps 370 and 380 are attachedto respective ends 330,360 of the housing 320. As such, the fuel ports400 of the inlet and outlet caps 370,380 are each placed in fluidcommunication with the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1, and the oxidantport 410, primary accessory port 420, secondary accessory port 422 andelectrical lead port 424 of the inlet and outlet caps 370,380 are placedin fluid communication with the gap 341 of the housing cavity 340. Next,fuel gas, such as hydrogen, is supplied through the central port 400 ofthe inlet cap 370 for receipt into the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 1,for interaction with the anode 2, whereupon any remaining fuel gasand/or reaction by-products are exhausted through the fuel port 400 ofthe outlet cap 380. In addition, oxidant gas, such as air or oxygen, issupplied through the oxidant port 410 of the inlet cap 370 and into thegap 341 of the housing cavity 340, which is the area of the housingcavity 340 formed between the outer surface of the SOFC 1 and the innersurface 342 of the housing 320, where the oxidant gas interacts with thecathode 3. Furthermore, any remaining oxidant gas and/or reactionby-products between the oxidant gas and the cathode 3 are exhaustedthrough the oxidant port 410 of the outlet cap 380.

In addition, the testing device 310 may be heated by the heating device175 so that the SOFC 1 that is inserted into the testing device 310 isheated to a suitable temperature for operation. In addition, suchoperation may be carried out by the operation of the sensor 92 andcomputing device 94, as previously discussed.

It should be appreciated that while the discussion of the variousembodiments of the testing device 310 are presented for use with theSOFC 1 in which the fuel ports 400 of the inlet/outlet caps 370,380carry fuel gas, such as hydrogen gas, and where the oxidant ports 410 ofthe inlet/outlet caps 370,380 carry oxidant gas, such as air or oxygen,the testing device 310 may carry any desired material through the fuelports 400 and the oxidant ports 410. For example, in the case wherealternative SOFC designs are utilized, the fuel ports 400 of theinlet/outlet caps 370,380 may alternatively carry oxidant gas, such asair or oxygen, and the oxidant ports 410 of the inlet/outlet caps370,380 may alternatively carry fuel gas, such as hydrogen.

Another embodiment of the tubular SOFC testing device referred to bynumeral 510 is shown in FIG. 8. The testing device 510 is configured foruse with a tubular SOFC, such as the tubular SOFC 511 also shown in FIG.8. The SOFC 511 is structurally and functionally equivalent to the SOFC1 as previously discussed, with the exception that opening B of SOFC 1associated with the central cavity 5 is blocked or closed off, thusforming a closed end B′ as shown in SOFC 511. As such, the SOFC 511 hasonly one opening ‘A’ that is in fluid communication with the centralcavity 5. It should be appreciated that in some embodiments, the closedend B′ of the cavity 5 of the SOFC 511 may be formed of the same layeredconfiguration as the tubular structure of the SOFC 511, which includesthe electrode 2, the electrolyte 4, and the electrode 3, as previouslydiscussed with regard to SOFC 1.

The testing device 510 includes an insulating tube 520, which includes awall 530 having an outer surface 532 and an inner surface 534 thatdefines therein an insulating cavity 540. The insulating cavity 540 isterminated by openings 542 and 544 that are proximate to respective ends546 and 548 of the insulating tube 520. The insulating tube 520 may beformed to have a cylindrical shape as shown, as well as any othersuitable tubular cross-sectional shape, such as a rectilinear shape, acurvilinear shape, or any combination thereof. The insulating tube 520may be formed from any suitable heat resistant material that resists thetransfer of heat, including heat that is generated within the insulatingcavity 540 in a manner to be discussed. As such, the insulating tube 520operates to keep the outer surface 532 of the insulating tube 520 at adesired temperature, including a temperature that is safe and suitablefor operation of the device 510 in various environments, where the riskof fire or human injury is a concern. In some embodiments, theinsulating tube 520 may be formed from multiple layers, such as an innersection 550 and an outer section 554. As such, the inner section 550 maybe a rigid section formed of any suitable material, such as ceramic orglass material, such as alumina or quartz, including Inconel or Crofer22 APU, and composites thereof, and the outer section 554 may be formedform a thermal insulating or heat resistant material, such as a fibrousheat resistant material or insulating material, such as fiber glass. Itshould be appreciated that in some embodiments of the testing device 510that only one of the sections 550,554 may be utilized by the insulatingtube 520. In still other embodiments of the testing device 510, theinsulating tube 520 may not be used entirely.

Positioned within the insulating cavity 540 is a heating tube 570. Theheating tube 570 includes a wall 580 having an outer surface 582 and aninner surface 584 that defines therein a heating cavity 590. The heatingcavity 590 is terminated by a closed end 612 and an open end or opening614, and in some embodiments may be elongated. The heating tube 570 maybe formed to have a cylindrical shape as shown, as well as any othersuitable cross-sectional shape, such as a rectilinear shape, acurvilinear shape, or any combination thereof. The heating cavity 590 isdimensioned to receive at least a portion of the SOFC 511 therein, andas such, may have a cylindrical cross-sectional shape, as shown in FIG.8, as well as a rectilinear shape, a curvilinear shape or anycombination thereof. It should also be appreciated that the outersurface 582 of the heating tube 570 is spaced away from the innersurface 534 of the insulating tube 520 by a gap 591 using any suitabletechnique. For example, the gap 591 may be maintained through the use ofone or more supports or spacers that are operatively coupled between theheating tube 570 and the insulating tube 520. In some embodiments, thesupports or spacers may have apertures disposed therethrough to permitthe flow of gas material therethrough. Alternatively, the gap may bemaintained via the attachment and support of the insulating tube 520 andthe heating tube 570 to a connector 600 to be discussed. In someembodiments, the closed end 612 of the heating tube 570 includes one ormore heater ports 620 disposed therethrough to permit the flow of anoxidant gas, such as air or oxygen, therethrough. In some embodiments,the heater ports 620 may be positioned substantially opposite to theopening 614 of the heating cavity 590.

The heating cavity 590 is configured to receive at least a portion ofthe SOFC 511 therein. In order to support the SOFC 511 within theheating cavity 590, one or more supports 650 or spacers may be included.In some embodiments, the supports 650 may position the SOFC 511 withinthe heating cavity 590 so that the outer surface, or cathode 3, of theSOFC 511 is spaced away from the inner surface 584 of the heating tube570 by a gap 653. The supports or spacers 650 may include various shapesand dimensions, and in some embodiments, may include aperturestherethrough to enable the flow of gas material therethrough. Theheating tube 570 may incorporate various heating technologies togenerate heat that is imparted to the SOFC 511 that is positioned withinthe heating cavity 590. Such heating technologies may include but arenot limited to convection heating or radiant heating technologies, aswell as heating technologies that utilize resistive heating elements.

The connector 600, in some embodiments, is provided to supply electricalpower to operate the heating tube 570. For example, the connector 600may be configured to be connected to a suitable source of power, such asan AC (alternating current) or DC (direct current) power source, whichis then supplied to the heating tube 570 that is also electricallyattached to the connector 600 via suitable electrical terminals 690. Inaddition, the connector 600 may include electrical components necessaryto convert the power received from the power source into a format thatis compatible for use with the heating tube 570. It should beappreciated that the connector 600 may be formed of any suitablematerial, such as metal or ceramic material for example.

The connector 600 may be removably or permanently attached to theinsulating tube 520 and/or the heating tube 570. In addition, theconnector 600 when attached to the insulating and heating tubes 520,570,is interfaced with the gap 591 that is between the insulating tube 520and the heating tube 570 at a point that is proximate to the end 548 ofthe insulating tube 520 and the closed end 612 of the heating tube 570.Specifically, the connector 600 may include one or more connector ports694 that are arranged to be in operative fluid communication with theinsulator cavity 540 and the heater ports 620 to enable the flow of gasmaterial therethrough. Thus, when the connector 600 is interfaced withthe gap 591, the connector ports 694 are placed in fluid communicationwith the gap 591, as well as with one or more of the heater ports 620,along with the outside environment. In some embodiments, the connectorports 694 may be configured to be directly coupled between the gap 591and the heater ports 620.

In order to supply fuel gas, such as hydrogen, into the central cavity 5of the SOFC 511, a fuel tube or supply tube 700 is provided by thetesting device 510. The fuel tube 700 may be cylindrical in shape, asshown in FIG. 8, but may be any suitable shape, including a rectilinearshape, a curvilinear shape, or any combination thereof. Furthermore, thefuel tube 700 is shaped and dimensioned to be received within the shapeand dimension of the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 511. In someembodiments, the fuel tube 700 is spaced from the inner central surfaceor electrode 2 defining the heating cavity 5 of the SOFC 511 by a gap702 using one or more supports or spacers 710 or any other suitablemeans. The fuel tube 700 also includes a cavity 712 that is terminatedat each end by openings 720 and 724. In addition, the fuel tube 700 isconfigured and/or positioned so that the opening 724 thereof that isinserted in the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 511 is spaced away from theclosed end B′ of the SOFC 511 by a suitable distance to form a gap toallow any fuel gas delivered out of the opening 724 to escape into thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 511. It should be appreciated that in someembodiments, the fuel tube 700 may be formed of ceramic, glass, ormetal, such as alumina, zirconia, quartz, Inconel or Crofer 22 APU, aswell as any other suitable material.

As such, with arrangement of the heating tube 570 within the insulatingtube 520, and the SOFC 511 within the heating tube 570 several passagesare formed in the testing device 510 to facilitate the flow of gasmaterials. Specifically, the gap 591 formed by the arrangement of theheating tube 570 within the insulating tube 520 creates an oxidant inletpassage 750 therebetween, and the arrangement of the gap 653 between theSOFC 511 and the heating tube 570 forms an oxidant outlet passage 754.The oxidant inlet passage 750 includes openings 760 and 761, which arerespectively positioned proximate to the open end A of the SOFC 511, andthe connector 600. However, when the connector 600 is attached to theinsulating tube 520 and the heating tube 570, the connector port 694 ofthe connector 600 is placed in fluid communication with the opening 761of the oxidant inlet passage 750. That is, when the connector 600 isattached, the opening 761 of the oxidant inlet passage 750 is interfacedwith the connector ports 694. The oxidant outlet passage 754 includes anopening 762, which is positioned proximate to the open end A of the SOFC511. The oxidant outlet passage 754 is in operative fluid communicationwith the heater port 620 that are positioned proximate to the closed endB′ of the SOFC 511. Thus, the oxidant inlet passage 750 and the oxidantoutlet passage 754 are in operative fluid communication with each othervia the connector port 694 and the heater port 620 that function tofluidly couple or join the two passages 750 and 754. Furthermore, insome embodiments, the oxidant inlet passage 750 and the oxidant outletpassage 754 may be concentric with each other. In addition, the oxidantinlet passage 750 and the oxidant outlet passage 754 may take on anysuitable cross-sectional shape, such as the cylindrical shape shown inFIG. 8.

In addition, the arrangement of the gap 702 between the fuel tube 700and the outer electrode or anode 2 of the central cavity 5 of the SOFC511 forms a fuel outlet passage 790 therebetween that includes anopening 791. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the oxidant inlet passage750, the oxidant outlet passage 754, and the fuel outlet passage 790 areconcentric and/or coaxial with each other. In addition, the fuel outletpassage 790 may take on any suitable cross-sectional shape, such as thecylindrical shape shown in FIG. 8. Moreover, the testing device 510 maybe configured so that at least two of the insulating tube 520, theheating tube 570, the SOFC 511 and the fuel tube 700 are co-axial witheach other.

Thus, during operation of the testing device 510, the connector 600 isattached to the insulating tube 520 and the heating tube 570. Next, theSOFC 511 is inserted into the heating tube 570 so that the closed end B′of the SOFC 511 is positioned proximate to the closed end 612 of theheating tube 570. In some embodiments, the closed end B′ of the SOFC 511and the closed end 612 of the heating tube 570 may be spaced apart by agap. Next, the fuel tube 700 is inserted into the central cavity 5 ofthe SOFC 511 so that the end 724 is spaced from the closed end B′ of theSOFC 511. Oxidant gas, such as air or oxygen, is acquired for supplyinto the heating cavity 590 via two paths. In the first path, oxidantgas is received into the oxidant inlet passage 750 via opening 760,whereupon it passes through the connector port 694, where it ispermitted to collect in an area proximate to the heater port 620. Theincoming oxidant gas, in addition to being warmed up in the first path,also assists in cooling the sections 550,554 of the insulating tube 520as it flows through the first path. This oxidant gas is then collectedand combined with other oxidant gas that is acquired by a second paththat includes the external environment directly adjacent to the heaterport 620. The combined oxidant gas is then permitted to enter the heatercavity 590 through the heater port 620. The oxidant gas then interactswith the cathode 3 of the SOFC 511, whereupon any remaining oxidant gasand/or reaction by-products are permitted to exit the heater cavity 590through the oxidant outlet passage 754 via the opening 762. In addition,fuel gas, such as hydrogen, is delivered into the fuel tube 700, whereit exits from the opening 724 and into the central cavity 5 of the SOFC511. This fuel then interacts with the anode 2 of the SOFC 511,whereupon any remaining fuel gas and/or reaction by-products arepermitted to exit the central cavity 5 through the fuel outlet passage790 via the opening 791. As such, the hot remaining fuel gas and/orreact by-products then serve to warm up or pre-heat the incoming fuelgas being delivered to the SOFC 511.

It should be appreciated that during this process, the heating tube 570is operated to heat the SOFC 511 to a suitable temperature foroperation. In some embodiments, the heating tube 570 and the computingdevice 94 may be placed in operative communication with each other, suchas by a wired or wireless communication interface, so that the heatingtube 570 can be controlled to adjust the magnitude of the heat outputtherefrom based on the temperature detected by sensor 92 that ispositioned within the heating cavity 590 and/or insulting cavity 540, aspreviously discussed with regard to the other embodiments.

It should be appreciated that while the discussion of the variousembodiments of the testing device 510 are presented for use with theSOFC 511, whereby oxidant gas is fed to the SOFC 511 via the oxidantinlet passage 760, the heater port 620 and the oxidant outlet passage762; and fuel gas is supplied to the SOFC 511 via the fuel tube 700, thetesting device 510 may carry any desired material through suchstructures. For example, in the case where alternative SOFC designs areutilized, the oxidant inlet passage 760, the connector port 694, theheater port 620 and the oxidant outlet passage 762 may carry fuel gas,while the fuel tube 700 may carry oxidant gas.

Another embodiment of the tubular SOFC testing device referred to bynumeral 610 is shown in FIG. 9. The testing device 610 is configured foruse with a tubular SOFC, such as tubular SOFC 511, as previouslydiscussed with regard to FIG. 8.

The testing device 610 includes the insulating tube 520, the heatingtube 570, and the fuel tube 700 as previously discussed with regard totesting device 510. However, the heating tube 570 of the testing device610 is modified for use in the device 610 such that the closed end 612of the heating tube 570 is replaced with an opening 612′ that is inoperative fluid communication with the heating cavity 590. In addition,one or more heater ports 620′ still included with the testing device610, such that they are disposed through the heating tube 570. Forexample, in some embodiments, the one or more heater ports 620 may bepositioned at a point proximate to the end 612′ of the heating tube 570.Additionally, the heater ports 620′ may be formed by a gap between theend of the heating tube 570 and the connector 600′ to be discussed,which is attached to the device 610. That is, the connector 600′ of thetesting device 610 is a modified connector 600, however, the connector600′ includes the structural and operational features of connector 600except where noted in the discussion below.

As previously discussed, the outer surface 582 of the heating tube 570is spaced away from the inner surface 534 of the insulating tube 520 bythe gap 591. It should also be appreciated that in some embodiments, thegap 591 may be maintained by attachment and support of the insulatingtube 520 and the heating tube 570 to the connector 600′ to be discussed.

The SOFC 511 is positioned within the heating cavity 590, such that theclosed end B′ of the SOFC 511 is proximate to the opening 614 of theheating tube 570, and the open end A of the SOFC is proximate to opening612′ of the heating tube 570. In order to support the SOFC 511 withinthe heating cavity 590, one or more supports 650 or spacers may beincluded. In some embodiments, the supports 650 may position the SOFC511 within the heating cavity 590 so that the outer surface, or cathode3, of the SOFC 511 is spaced away from the inner surface 584 of theheating tube 570 by the gap 653.

In order to supply fuel gas, such as hydrogen, into the central cavity 5of the SOFC 511, the fuel tube or supply tube 700 is provided by thetesting device 610, as previously discussed. Furthermore, the fuel tube700 is shaped and dimensioned to be received within the shape anddimension of the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 511. In some embodiments,the fuel tube 700 is spaced from the central surface or anode 2 definingthe heating cavity 5 of the SOFC 511 by the gap 702 using one or moresupports or spacers 710 or any other suitable means. The fuel tube 700defines the cavity 712 that is terminated at each end by openings 720and 724. In addition, the fuel tube 700 is configured and/or positionedso that the opening 724 of the fuel tube 700 that is inserted in thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 511 is spaced away from the closed end B′of the SOFC 511 by a suitable distance to allow any fuel gas deliveredout of the opening 724 to escape into the central cavity 5 of the SOFC511.

The connector 600′, in some embodiments, is provided to supplyelectrical power to operate the heating tube 570. The connector 600′ isconfigured to be connected to a suitable source of power, such as an AC(alternating current) or DC (direct current) power source, which issupplied to the heating tube 570 that is also electrically attached tothe connector 600′ via suitable electrical terminals 690. In someembodiments, the heating tube 570 and/or insulating tube 520 may beremovably or permanently attached to the connector 600′. In addition,the connector 600′ may include any necessary electrical components toconvert the power received from the power source into a format that iscompatible for use with the heating tube 570. In some embodiments, theconnector 600′ may be used to close the end of the insulating tube 520and the heating tube 570. That is, when the connector 600′ is attachedto the insulating and heating tubes 520 and 570, it blocks or closes-offthe gaps 591 and 653 that are between the insulating tube 520 and theheating tube 570 at a point that is proximate to the ends 548 and 612′of the insulating tube 520 and the heating tube 570 respectively.

The connector 600′ also includes a body 800 that is formed of anysuitable material, such as metal or ceramic material for example. Thebody 800 includes a fuel cell port 810 and a fuel tube port 820, whichfluidly communicate with a connector cavity 830. The fuel cell port 810is in fluid communication with the heating cavity 590, and in someembodiments has a diameter that is smaller than the diameter of theheating cavity 590, this allows the formation of the gap 653 between theSOFC 511 and the heating tube 570. It should be appreciated that in someembodiments, the fuel cell port 810 and the fuel tube port 820 areaxially aligned with one another. The fuel cell port 810 is dimensionedto receive the SOFC 511 therethrough so that the outer surface, orcathode 3, of the SOFC 511 is in sealed arrangement with the fuel cellport 810. In addition, the fuel tube port 820 is dimensioned to receivethe fuel tube or supply tube 700 therethrough, and in some embodimentsso that the fuel tube 700 is in sealed arrangement with the fuel tubeport 820. Such sealed arrangement of the SOFC 511 and fuel tube 700 withthe connector 600′ may be achieved using any suitable sealing means,including but not limited to friction fit, O-ring, mastic, and the like.As such, when the SOFC 511 is installed in the testing device 610, theSOFC 511 is arranged with respect to the fuel cell port 810 so that theopen end A of the SOFC 511 is in fluid communication with the connectorcavity 830. In addition, the fuel tube 700 is permitted to pass throughthe fuel tube port 820 and the connector cavity 830 for receipt into thecentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 511 being tested. The connector 600′ alsoincludes one or more exhaust ports 850 that are operative fluidcommunication with the connector cavity 830. It should be appreciatedthat the connector 600′ may be attached to the insulating tube 520and/or the heating tube 530 using any suitable means of fixation, suchas friction-fit, threaded-fit, and the like.

As such, with arrangement of the heating tube 570 within the insulatingtube 520, and the SOFC 511 within the heating tube 570 various passagesare formed in the testing device 60 to facilitate the flow of gasmaterials. Specifically, the arrangement of the heating tube 570 withinthe insulating tube 520 and the attachment of the connector 600 theretoforms the oxidant inlet passage 750 is formed by the gap 591therebetween, and the arrangement of the SOFC 511 within the heatingtube 570 forms the oxidant outlet passage 754 defined by the gap 653therebetween. The oxidant inlet passage 750 is terminated by respectiveopenings 760 and 761, which are respectively positioned proximate to theopen end A of the SOFC 511 the connector 600. In addition, the oxidantoutlet passage 754 includes an opening 762, which is positionedproximate to the open end A of the SOFC 511. Thus, when the connector600′ is attached to the testing device 610, the opening 761 of theoxidant inlet passage 750 is closed or blocked off. As such, the oxidantinlet passage 750 and the oxidant outlet passage 754 are in fluidcommunication with each other through one or more heater ports 620disposed through the wall of the heater tube 570. Furthermore, in someembodiments, the oxidant inlet passage 750 and the oxidant outletpassage 754 are concentric with each other. In addition, the oxidantinlet passage 750 and the oxidant outlet passage 754 may take on anysuitable shape, such as the cylindrical shape shown in FIG. 8.

In addition, the positioning of the fuel tube 700 within the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 511 forms the fuel outlet passage 790 therebetween.Furthermore, in some embodiments, the oxidant inlet passage 750, theoxidant outlet passage 754, and the fuel outlet passage 790 areconcentric with each other. In addition, the fuel outlet passage 790 maytake on any suitable shape, such as the cylindrical shape shown in FIG.8.

During operation of the testing device 610, the connector 600′ isattached to the insulating tube 520 and the heating tube 570, as shownin FIG. 9. Next, the SOFC 511 is inserted into the heating tube 570 sothat the closed end B′ of the SOFC 511 is positioned proximate to theopened end 614 of the heating tube 570. In addition, the opened end, A,of the SOFC 511 is positioned in operative communication with theconnector cavity 830 of the connector 600′. The fuel tube 700 is theninserted through the fuel tube port 820 of the connector 600′ and intocentral cavity 5 of the SOFC 511. Oxidant gas, such as air or oxygen, isthen supplied into the oxidant inlet channel 750 via the opening 760,which passes through the heater port 620 before being received in theoxidant outlet passage 754. Once received in the oxidant outlet passage754, the oxidant is permitted to interact with the cathode 3 of the SOFC511, whereupon any reaction by-products are exhausted from the outletpassage 754 via the opening 762. In addition, fuel gas, such ashydrogen, is delivered into the fuel tube 700, where it is delivered outof the end 724 thereof and into the fuel outlet passage 790 that ispartially includes the central cavity 5 of the SOFC 511. This fuel isthen permitted to interact with the anode 2 of the SOFC 511, whereuponany reaction by-products are permitted to exit the fuel outlet passage790 via opening 791 and into the connector cavity 830, before beingexhausted therefrom through the exhaust ports 850.

During this process, the heating tube 570 is controlled, such as bycomputing device 94, as previously discussed, to heat the SOFC 511 to asuitable temperature for operation. That is, the heating tube 570 andthe computing device 94 may be placed in operative communication witheach other, such as by a wired or wireless communication interface, sothat the heating tube can be controlled to adjust the magnitude of theheat output thereby based on the temperature detected by the sensor 92that is positioned within the heating cavity 590 or insulating cavity540.

It should be appreciated that while the discussion of the variousembodiments of the testing device 610 are presented for use with theSOFC 511, whereby oxidant gas is fed to the SOFC 511 via the oxidantinlet passage 760, the heater port 620 and the oxidant outlet passage762; and fuel gas is supplied to the SOFC 511 via the fuel tube 700, thetesting device 610 may carry any desired material through suchstructures. For example, in the case where alternative SOFC designs areutilized, the oxidant inlet passage 760, the heater port 620 and theoxidant outlet passage 762 may carry fuel gas, while the fuel tube 700may carry oxidant gas. Another embodiment of the tubular SOFC testingdevice referred to by numeral 710 is shown in FIG. 10. The testingdevice 710 is configured for use with a tubular SOFC, such as tubularSOFC 511, as previously discussed. Specifically, the testing device 710is structurally and functionally equivalent to that of testing device610 but is modified for use without the connector 600′. As such, thetesting device 710 provides the insulator tube 570, as provided inembodiments of the device 510 and 610 but is configured such thatopening 544 is a closed end or section 544″. The end section 544″ may beformed from any suitable material, such as the material used to from theheating tube 570 previously discussed. In addition, fuel cell port 810is disposed in the end section 900. The fuel cell port 810 is configuredto receive the SOFC 511 therethrough so that the SOFC 511 is permittedto be received within the heating cavity 590 of the heating tube 570,while allowing the open end A of the SOFC 511 to remain outside of theheating cavity 590 in communication with the outside environment.However, it should be appreciated that the open end, A, of the SOFC 511may be placed in operative communication with any desired gas exhaust orventilation device. It should also be appreciated that the fuel cellport 810 is dimensioned to receive the SOFC 511 therethrough so that theouter surface or electrode 3 of the SOFC 511 is in sealed arrangementwith the fuel cell port 810.

In addition, the opening 612″ of the heating tube 570 is spaced from theclosed end section 544″ to form the heater port 620. However, in otherembodiments the opening 612″ of the heating tube 570 may be closed offby the closed end section 544′, such that the heater port 620 may bedisposed through the wall 580 of the heating tube 570.

As such, with arrangement of the heating tube 570 within the insulatingtube 520, and the SOFC 511 within the heating tube 570 various passagesare formed in the testing device 710 to facilitate the flow of gasmaterials. Specifically, the oxidant inlet passage 750 is formed by thegap 591 therebetween, and with the arrangement of the SOFC 511 withinthe heating tube 570 the oxidant outlet passage 754 is formed by the gap653 therebetween. The oxidant inlet passage 750 includes the opening760, which is positioned proximate to the closed end B′ of the SOFC 511.In addition, the oxidant outlet passage 754 includes the opening 762,which is positioned proximate to the closed end B′ of the SOFC 511. Theoxidant inlet passage 750 and the oxidant outlet passage 754 are influid communication with each other through one or more heater ports 620that are disposed through the wall of the heater tube 570. Furthermore,in some embodiments, the oxidant inlet passage 750 and the oxidantoutlet passage 754 are concentric with each other. In addition, theoxidant inlet passage 750 and the oxidant outlet passage 754 may take onany suitable shape, such as the cylindrical shape shown in FIG. 10.

In addition, the positioning of the fuel tube 700 within the centralcavity 5 of the SOFC 511 forms the fuel outlet passage 790 therebetween.Furthermore, in some embodiments, the oxidant inlet passage 750, theoxidant outlet passage 754, and the fuel outlet passage 790 areconcentric with each other. In addition, the fuel outlet passage 790 maytake on any suitable shape, such as the cylindrical shape shown in FIG.10.

In some embodiments, the heating tube 570 and the computing device 94may be placed in operative communication with each other, such as by awired or wireless communication interface, so that the heating tube 570can be controlled to adjust the magnitude of heat that is output by theheating tube 570 based on the temperature detected by sensor 92 that ispositioned within the heating cavity 590 and/or insulting cavity 540.

During operation of the testing device 710, as shown in FIG. 10, theSOFC 511 is inserted through the fuel cell port 810 of the closed end900 of the heating tube 570 and into the heating cavity 590 so that theclosed end, B′, of the SOFC 511 is positioned proximate to the opening762 of the heating tube 570. In addition, the opened end A of the SOFC511 is positioned to extend outside of the closed end 544′ of theinsulating cavity 520 so that it is in fluid communication with theoutside environment. The fuel tube or supply tube 700 is then insertedinto central cavity 5 of the SOFC 511. Oxidant gas, such as air oroxygen, is then supplied into the oxidant inlet channel 750 via opening760, which passes through the heater port 620 before being received inthe oxidant outlet channel 754. Once received in the oxidant outletchannel 754, the oxidant is permitted to interact with the cathode 3 ofthe SOFC 511, whereupon any remaining oxidant and/or reactionby-products are exhausted from the outlet channel 754 via the opening760. In addition, fuel gas, such as hydrogen, is delivered into the fueltube 700, where it is delivered out of the end 724 thereof and into thefuel outlet passage 790. This fuel is then permitted to interact withthe anode 2 of the SOFC 511, whereupon any remaining fuel gas and/orreaction by-products are permitted to exit the fuel outlet passage 790via the opening 791 before being exhausted. During this process, theheating tube 570 is controlled, such as by computing device 94, aspreviously discussed, to heat the SOFC 511 to a suitable temperature foroperation. That is, the heating tube 570 and the computing device 94 maybe placed in operative communication with each other, such as by a wiredor wireless communication interface, so that the heating tube can becontrolled to adjust the magnitude of the heat output by the heatingtube 570 base on the temperature detected by the sensor 92 that ispositioned within the heating cavity 590 or insulating cavity 540.

It should be appreciated that while the discussion of the variousembodiments of the testing device 710 are presented for use with theSOFC 511, whereby oxidant gas is fed to the SOFC 511 via the oxidantinlet passage 760, the heater port 620 and the oxidant outlet passage762; and whereby fuel gas is supplied to the SOFC 511 via the fuel tube700, the testing device 610 may carry any desired material through suchstructures. For example, in the case where alternative SOFC designs areutilized, the oxidant inlet passage 750, the heater port 620 and theoxidant outlet passage 754 may carry fuel gas, while the fuel tube 700may carry oxidant gas.

In another aspect, the various testing device embodiments discussedherein may utilize a current collector 950 for testing the SOFCs 1 and511, as shown in FIG. 11. The current collector 950 is configured to bereceived within the central cavity 5 of the SOFCs 1,511 so as to beplaced in electrical contact with the electrode 2 thereof. Inparticular, the current collector 950 includes an electricallyconductive member 952, which may be in the form of a solid or hollowsection, such as a rod or tube for example, and which may be in someembodiments configured to have an elongated profile. It should beappreciated that in some embodiments the conductive member 952 maycomprise the supply tube 700 previously discussed. Electrically coupledto the conductive member 952 is a plurality of electrically conductiveribs 954. In some embodiments, the ribs 954 may be flexible, so as toallow a lengthwise surface of the ribs 954 to electrically contact theelectrode 2 when the current collector 950 is placed in the cavity 5 ofthe SOFC 1,511. In some embodiments, the conductive ribs 954 andconductive member 952 may comprise metal or any suitable material. Insome embodiments, the conductive ribs 954 may comprise flexible metalwire filaments or projections. It some embodiments the ribs 954 may havea preformed shape, such as a curvilinear shape, a rectilinear shape, orany combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the ribs 954 may be configured to extend from theconductive member 952 at an angle, such as an oblique angle. As such,the angle of the ribs 954 relative to the conductive member 954 allowsthe ribs, in some cases, to compressively or springly engage or contactthe electrode 2 of the SOFC 1,511.

Furthermore, in some embodiments, the ribs 954 may comprise a first leg960 that extends from the conductive member 952 and a second leg 962that extends from the first leg 960 at an angle, such as an obliqueangle. As such, the second leg 962 may be configured so as to besubstantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of the SOFC 1,511, whenthe conductive member 952 is inserted in the central cavity 5 of theSOFC 1,511. Furthermore, the conductive member 952 may be dimensioned sothat it extends beyond, or out of, one of the openings A,B of the SOFCs1,511. In some embodiments, the conductive member 952 may also extendthrough the fuel port 400 of testing device 310.

Another current collector 970 is configured to be placed in electricalcontact with the electrode 3 of the SOFCs 1,511 is shown in FIG. 12. Thecurrent collector 970 includes an electrically conductive mesh material972 that is configured to be conformable, so as to be at least partiallywrapped around the electrode 3 of the SOFCs 1,511 so as to be inelectrical contact therewith. That is, the mesh 972 may not be fullywrapped around the electrode 3, so long as some portion of the mesh 972is in electrical contact with the electrode 3. Electrically coupled tothe conductive mesh 972 is an electrically conductive member 974. Insome embodiments, the conductive member 974 may comprise a solid orhollow section, such as a rod or tube for example, and which may be insome embodiments configured to have an elongated profile. For example,the conductive member 974 may be attached to a surface of the mesh 972that is opposite to a surface of the mesh 972 that is in electricalcontact with the electrode 3. It should be appreciated that theconductive member 974 may be configured to extend beyond one or more ofthe end 6,7 of the SOFC 1,511. It should be appreciated that the mesh972 and member 974 may comprise any suitable conductive material, suchas metal.

In some embodiments, the current collector 970 may in include a lockingdevice as part of the mesh 972 that enables the loose ends thereof to becoupled together to retain the mesh 972 in electrical contact with theelectrode 3. The locking device may comprise interlocking members, suchas interlocking hooks that are configured so that when they are matedtogether secure the loose ends of the mesh 972 together.

It should be appreciated that each of the embodiments of the tubularSOFC testing device, and their individual components thereof, may beprovided as a kit. In addition, to the testing device, the kit may alsoinclude one or more of: a tubular testing furnace, a D.C. (directcurrent) electric load for electrical coupling to the anode and cathodeof the SOFC, one or more temperature sensors, various other sensors, andvarious associated accessories. As previously discussed, the embodimentsdisclosed herein also contemplate a method for controlling thetemperature of the SOFC that is within the testing device by controllingthe operation of the furnace using a thermocouple or temperaturesensor(s) 92 that is placed within the testing device of the embodimentsdisclosed herein.

Thus, the testing devices of the various embodiments disclosed hereinare provided to precisely mount and isolate a tubular SOFC within aheating device, such as the tubular testing furnace 175 and allowsaccurate control of the temperature of the atmosphere that immediatelysurrounds the SOFC 1,511 more effectively than is able to be achieved bycurrent testing devices and methods. The temperature of the heatingdevice 175 is identified by directly probing the interior cavity of thehousing of the testing device with a thermocouple or any othertemperature sensing device, such as a sensor 92. The testing device alsoallows easy and precise placement of the tubular SOFC 1,511 into atypical tubular furnace, and also allows the SOFC 1,511 to be adequatelysupported therein. The testing device also supports the use of variouselectrical contacts utilized to connect the tubular SOFC 1,511 to anexternal electric load, such as a D.C. (direct current) electricaldevice, including an electric motor for example. In addition, thetesting device also allows the oxidant gas, such as air or oxygen,flowing around the cathode of the SOFC 1,511 to be controlled, ascompared to current testing methods and devices that do not incorporatethe use of a testing device.

As previously discussed, the testing device of the various embodimentsmay be configured as part of a test kit, which includes a testingfurnace, an electronic load, such as electric motor or the like. Inaddition, as previously discussed, optional accessories may be used toconnect the tubular SOFC 1,511 to gas supply lines, and electricalcontacts may be used to connect the SOFC 1 to a D.C. (direct current)output and/or data port in communication with the computing device 94.

As such, the embodiments of the testing device disclosed herein allowsfor fast setup, flexibility with different SOFC sizes, allows the SOFCto be easily changed out of the testing device, allows improved testingrepeatability, and is cost effective.

Therefore, it can be seen that the objects of the embodiments have beensatisfied by the structure and its method for use presented above. Whilein accordance with the Patent Statutes, only the best mode and preferredembodiments have been presented and described in detail, with it beingunderstood that the embodiments disclosed herein are not limited theretoor thereby. Accordingly, for an appreciation of the true scope andbreadth of the invention, reference should be made to the followingclaims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A device for testing a tubular solid-oxide fuelcell (SOFC) having an outer electrode and a central cavity that isdefined by a central electrode, the device comprising: a first fixturehaving an inlet tube having a first interface at one end; and a secondfixture having an outlet tube having a second interface at one end,wherein at least one of said fixtures is moveable; wherein said firstinterface of said inlet tube is configured to be placed in fluidcommunication with the central cavity of the tubular SOFC and saidsecond interface of said outlet tube is configured to be placed in fluidcommunication with the central cavity of the tubular SOFC, such thatsaid first and second interfaces are spaced apart and the outerelectrode of the tubular SOFC is left exposed to an externalenvironment.
 2. The device of claim 1, further comprising a track tomovably carry at least one of said first and second fixtures;
 3. Thedevice of claim 1, further comprising a temperature sensor to measurethe temperature of the SOFC, said temperature sensor configured tocommunicate with a computing device.
 4. The device of claim 1, whereinsaid inlet tube and said outlet tube are formed of a material selectedfrom the group consisting of: ceramic, glass, metal, alumina, zirconia,quartz, Inconel, or Crofer 22 APU.
 5. A testing device for a tubularsolid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outer electrode and a centralcavity that is defined by a central electrode, the central cavity havingone open end and one closed end, the device comprising: a heating tubedefining an opening, and including a heater port that is disposedthrough a wall of the heating tube, with said opening and said heaterport in fluid communication with an elongated heating cavity defined bysaid heating tube, wherein said opening is configured to receive theSOFC into the heating cavity to heat the SOFC, and wherein a firstpassage is formed between the SOFC and said heating tube, with saidheater port being in fluid communication with said first passage; and asupply tube configured to be at least partially received within thecentral cavity of the SOFC to form a second passage between said supplytube and the SOFC.
 6. The device of claim 5, wherein said supply tube isformed of a material selected from the group consisting of: ceramic,glass, metal, alumina, zirconia, quartz, Inconel, or Crofer 22 APU. 7.The testing device of claim 5, wherein said heating tube is disposedwithin an insulating tube to form a third passage between saidinsulating tube and said heating tube, and wherein said third passage isin fluid communication with said port.
 8. The device of claim 7, whereinsaid insulating tube is formed of a material selected from the groupconsisting of: ceramic, glass, alumina or quartz.
 9. The device of claim7, further comprising a connector configured to be electrically coupledto said heating tube to supply power thereto, said connector including aconnector port that that fluidly couples said first and third passages.10. The device of claim 7, further comprising a connector configured tobe electrically coupled to said heating tube to supply power thereto,said connector defining a connector cavity that is in fluidcommunication with an exhaust port, a SOFC receiving port and a supplytube receiving port, said SOFC receiving port configured to receive theSOFC therethrough, such that the open end of the central cavity of theSOFC is in fluid communication with said connector cavity, and saidsupply tube receiving port configured to receive the supply tubetherethrough.
 11. The device of claim 7, wherein said first, second andthird passages are in fluid communication with an external environment.12. A method of testing a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having anouter electrode, and a central cavity that is defined by a centralelectrode, the central cavity having one open end and one closed end,the method comprising: providing a heating tube having an elongatedcavity therein; placing the SOFC in said cavity; and heating the SOFC.13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: placing a supply tube inthe central cavity of the SOFC; flowing a first gas through said supplytube to interact with the central electrode of the SOFC; and flowing asecond gas in said tubular cavity between the outer electrode of theSOFC and the tubular heater to interact with the outer electrode of theSOFC.
 14. The method of claim 12, further comprising: controlling themagnitude of heat output by said heating tube based on a temperature ofthe SOFC.
 15. A current collector for a tubular solid-oxide fuel cell(SOFC) having an outer electrode and a central cavity that is defined bya central electrode, the current collector comprising: an electricallyconductive member; and a plurality of electrically conductive andflexible ribs electrically coupled to, and extending from, said supplytube, said ribs configured to be in electrical contact with said centralelectrode when said member is at least partially inserted into saidcentral cavity.
 16. The current collector of claim 15, wherein said ribscomprise: a first leg that extends from said member; and a second legthat extends from said first leg at an angle, such that said second legis substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the central cavity.17. The current collector of claim 15, wherein said first leg extendsfrom said member at an oblique angle.
 18. The current collector of claim15, wherein said ribs radially extend from said member.
 19. The currentcollector of claim 15, wherein said ribs are configured to compressivelycontact the central electrode.
 20. The current collector of claim 15,wherein said member is solid.
 21. The current collector of claim 15,wherein said member is a tube configured to supply a gas to the centralcavity.
 22. The current collector of claim 15, wherein said ribscomprise metal filaments.
 23. A current collector for a tubularsolid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) having an outer electrode and a centralcavity that is defined by a central electrode, the current collectorcomprising: an electrically conductive member; and an electricallyconductive mesh electrically coupled to said member; wherein said meshis configured to be at least partially wrapped in electrical contactwith the outer electrode of the SOFC.
 24. The current collector of claim23, wherein said member is configured to extend parallel to alongitudinal axis of the SOFC.
 25. The current collector of claim 24,wherein said member is attached to a surface of said mesh that isopposite a surface that is in electrical contact with the outerelectrode.
 26. The current collector of claim 23, further comprising: alocking device attached to said mesh configured to selectively securesaid mesh to the SOFC.
 27. The current collector of claim 26, whereinsaid locking device includes interlocking members.